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Multi-point mobile grounding system plays a critical role in providing safer power supply for electrified railway as the unique pathway of traction power reflux. The multi-point mobile grounding system of electrified railway contains two types of grounding modes--working grounding and protective grounding. However, along with the traction power increasing, it is possible that the traction current discharged by the working grounding flows through the neighboring protective grounding points and back to the vehicle bodies. This vehicle body (VB) current may flee through other protective grounding points back to the rail again during the dynamic process of the vehicles, forming as the current reflux phenomenon. This VB current reflux may directly result in thermal surge in the partial part of train bodies, or cause the contact potential of vehicle bodies, which may interfere or even burn the low-voltage control systems or on-board sensors. Apart from threatening the on-board equipment, the uneven distribution of reflux locating at each wheel set of carriage may also result in the erosion of the isolated joint of rail or even shorten the life span of carbon brush contacting with the axles of grounding wheels. The design and requirement of grounding system for vehicles operation in electrified railway is applied in this guide.
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L'accroissement des mobilités de passagers et des circulations marchandes constitue, à partir de la seconde moitié du xviiie siècle, un véritable défi pour les forces de l'ordre chargées de leur contrôle. Cet ouvrage entend saisir les dynamiques historiques de ce contrôle en Europe et aux États-Unis, par une analyse des acteurs, des pratiques et des lieux où il s'exerce de New York à Naples, d'Anvers à Marseille. Cette régulation des trafics présente des configurations différentes selon les modes de transport (voiture à cheval ou automobile, chemin de fer, navigation à voile ou à vapeur), les échelles d'observation et les types de mobilités. Résolument inscrite dans les évolutions récentes de ce champ de recherche, la démarche est ici empirique, attentive à la façon dont les institutions évoluent sans cesse à travers leur action. Ce faisant, cette étude entend montrer en quoi les dynamiques territoriales propres aux mobilités contribuent depuis le xviiie siècle à former, modeler, reconfigurer les pratiques de leur discipline et de leur régulation.
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The monograph is a WRA technical notebook that will be distributed on the occasion of the 26th WRA National Convention to be held in Rome on 27-30 October 2010. The notebook was prepared by the members of the Technical Committee C1 of the WRA, made up of Academics, Road Management Bodies and Planners and chaired by Prof. Domenichini, Professor at the University of Florence. The book is divided into 3 chapters that address three highly topical issues in the field of road infrastructure safety: the European Directive 2008/96/EC on the management of road infrastructure safety, the analysis of the human factor in road accidents and the transition areas to protect the urban sections belonging to the extra-urban roads.
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This book focuses on aspects related to new perspectives and challenges in traffic and transportation engineering supporting energy saving in smart cities. Transportation, like other spheres of human activity, is constantly changing due to economic development. People are constantly improving the ways of moving using various energy sources, expanding infrastructures, and adapting cities to increasing traffic volumes. Many of the contents presented in this book are characterized by a multidisciplinary approach to a global problem. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following: road traffic measurements; data analysis; road traffic (micro-, meso-, macro-) modeling; simulation models; road and intersection capacity; optimization, route choice; human factor in road traffic and transportation engineering; road safety; pedestrian and bicycle traffic and infrastructure; public transportation solutions; parking issues; contemporary problems of road traffic engineering and sustainable transportation; intelligent transportation systems (ITS); traffic control and management; smart grid services; electric mobility; environmental impacts of transportation systems; life cycle analysis (LCA) of alternative energy vectors for road vehicles; transportation systems and process modeling; sustainable transportation development; life cycle impact; fuel consumption; and emissions.
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